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kathy thornton continues to ignite fuels

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that are

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got the latch to rope shape

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that's affirmative valve this is a real

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nice drop and we'd like to continue on

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at step

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copy that

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once again we are able to see

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experiment video from three of the

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experiments that are being processed

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stand by rommel and kathy can you

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it just extinguished and there's a

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little bit of clouding in the chamber

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this time that was really strange

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in space lab huntsville for kathy we are

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going to run with the fsdc fan on for

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this next three millimeter run and when

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you're ready to copy the setting i've

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kathy thornton has just released another

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the fuel has just been ignited

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you can see the combustion products or

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soot that are being released by the

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hello worcester mass

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my name is al sacco and i'm from

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worcester mass i'm a ps on this flight

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united states microgravity lab number

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two we're doing a lot of science

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experiments on a whole variety of

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different fields biotechnology material

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science crystal growth fluid dynamics

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fluid physics and combustion

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and we're going to talk a little bit

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about all of these things with you guys

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today before we do

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let me introduce or let them introduce

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themselves the redshift first we'll go

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hi i'm ken bowersox i'm from bedford

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indiana and i'm the mission commander on

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i'm kathy thornton and i'm the payload

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commander on this flight

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and i'm kent romer you're from delaware

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colorado and i'm the pilot on this

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and that's the redshift

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can we have the first question please

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okay for questions regarding fluid

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experiments worcester south high please

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go ahead

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this is hosanna

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my question is what is the purpose of

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well in order to understand the purpose

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of the contact angle experiment you

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first have to understand two variables

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that are involved with it one is called

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surface tension

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and the other is contact angle and

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they're related

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surface tension really can be simply

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thought of as how molecules like each

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other that they like each other a lot

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they have a very high surface tension on

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the other hand what you also have to

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balance is how they like the materials

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they contact

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and those are called adhesive forces

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adhesive forces how the liquids

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like the solid so what you have when the

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contact angle experiment is a balance

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between what they call cohesive forces

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or surface tension

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and adhesive forces so how it likes the

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wall and when those two balance

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and they're balanced by gravity that's

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really how far up the liquid goes

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now in in space the reason we come to

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space to study surface tension is

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primarily because it dominates and let

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you see in space the orange juice the

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molecules like each other and they form

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a sphere if you were to do that on the

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ground of course it would cling to the

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sides of the vessel and these are called

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again surface tension is something

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called a cohesive force

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steven bellick from the accelerated

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learning laboratory

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hi i'm nick piquette from north high

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school

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hi i'm beth quinadamo from north high

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school

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hi i'm reggie hill from north high

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school

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hi i'm josh robert from dardy high

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school

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hi i'm tanisha westa from north high

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school and our question is

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how does the surface tension and contact

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angle react in space when soap is added

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soap is a what we call a surfactant and

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what that does is reduce the surface

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tension

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and in space it reduces the surface

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tension by the same amount it doesn't

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change at all in space but again what

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you can see is you can see the effect of

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that so factor a lot more in space

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because you have a one-sixth gravity

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component and therefore surface tension

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dominates over gravity and we can

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explore that but it really doesn't

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change

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anything more than it does on the ground

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the ground and space are very similar

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i'm katie already from doing another

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question please

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i am igor vishwandority high school

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and i'm tom davao from doherty high and

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our question is in the contact angle

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experiment what would happen if the

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slides were of different materials and

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sizes and would other liquids change the

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well i hope uh with what i've explained

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to you so far that surface tension and

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contact angle are basic properties of a

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liquid and its interaction with the

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solid

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so those aren't affected by space

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however every time you change the liquid

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or you change the solid that it's in

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contact with that is the material then

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you in fact will affect the contact

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angle experiment how high it rises but

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the size that is the size of the

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materials or even the amount of liquid

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that you put in really doesn't have a

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major effect on that either in space or

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next question please we have five

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minutes remaining in worcester please go

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ahead with the next question

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hi my name is hong tran from north high

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and i was wondering if the mass of an

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you know that's that's another very

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interesting question and you got to

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think about it a little bit surface

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tension again is a basic property of a

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fluid

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and it really doesn't

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change whether we have whether we have a

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large mass on it or a small mass on it

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the surface tension is the same however

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what you see

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is if i look at an eye dropper and i

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squeeze out a little bit of liquid on

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the ground as that liquid grows it gets

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very heavy and as it gets heavy it

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elongates the drop and eventually it

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falls off now the surface engine

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surface tension of that material didn't

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change it just became so heavy

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that the adhesive forces were overcome

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by the cohesive forces excuse me the

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cohesive forces were overcome hello the

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cohesive and adhesive forces were

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overcome by gravity is what i'm trying

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to say hope here up here that wouldn't

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happen of course and you saw that with

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the straw when i squeezed out the orange

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juice it just sort of hung there as a

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sphere

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so surface tension really doesn't change

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it's not broken by mass

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but you see it looks that way and it

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seems that way uh because of your

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observation in the one gravity

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environment

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please

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hi my name is joella tafani from south

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high my question is is there a

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difference in velocity of the spreading

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well to be honest with you we didn't

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spread any pepper in space on this

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flight at least we haven't yet

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but

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i would expect that there may be a

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difference in in velocity and the

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difference in velocity wouldn't be

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because of the surface tension effect

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but

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because of convective effects

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temperature differences and that's

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additive so you'd get not only the

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surface tension effect but in addition

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to that you may get some convective

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effect so you probably see a difference

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in the velocity of the pepper itself

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can i have another question please we

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have one minute left in worcester time

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for one last question my reaction

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there's a reaction would a ball of water

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well we haven't run that experiment

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either but i can tell you the answer to

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that

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just like sprinkling

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pepper on a liquid surface what you'd

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see up here is you'd see the pepper just

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form around the outside of the sphere of

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liquid

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and for every action there is a reaction

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as the pepper touch the surface of the

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liquid the liquid would touch back with

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exactly the same force but what you'd

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see is because of surface tension that

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pepper would just adhere to the outside

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of the drop

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and it would form all the way around the

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drop you'd see a uniform distribution of

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pepper all the way around the drop

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hi my name is prubali chakraborty and

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can fiber supported drop combustion be

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used in the shuttle's engines to make

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maneuvering simpler and are there any

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yeah that's a good question too and i

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have a navy aviator here and a fighter

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pilot that's going to answer that for us

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and also the pilot of the shuttle so

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thanks sally that's a great question and

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the answer is maybe that can help us

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maneuver the shuttle

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the uh and also in real line

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applications there are many i'll start

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out by saying as well as the shuttle

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from having better combustion and the

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f-14 i used to fly as well as the car

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that people drive even the heater and

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water heater in your home it can help

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them be much more efficient and the

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reason we study that up here in

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microgravity is without the influence of

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gravity and without convection

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the burning is much more even in a

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sphere and it burns more slowly so we

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can control it and much better analyze

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it and hopefully come up with more

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efficient combustion processes and fuels

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and additionally that would also result

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in less pollutants so it would help the

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environment also

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next question

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hello my name is jill feckler

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do different flammable liquids form

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different shapes when they burn and are

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the materials you're using different

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that's a good question as i understand

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the materials that you are using are

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petroleum distillate which is a mixture

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of all different kinds of petroleum

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products we're trying some pure

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fuels up here or very simple mixtures

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we're using some methanol and water and

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a few other mixtures and

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because they are liquids they form a

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sphere

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here in space

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just like the orange juice you saw

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floating around but we don't want these

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burning droplets floating around the

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space lab so we can find them by putting

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them on a fiber

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so there are spherical drops on a fiber

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the different materials often the same

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shape however the the combustion of the

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different materials is significantly

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different the methanol was burning with

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a very very faint blue shell of flame

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and some of the other products were

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burning with yellow or several or blue

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and yellow alternating kind of

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flames you have another question

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yes my name is jessica huddy

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did your flames move around or vary in

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size and shape due to air currents and

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do the flames produce any visible

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that's a very good question that some of

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the things that we're trying to explore

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up here we have done some of the burns

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without air currents and we get a

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completely spherical shell of flame

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and others we have done with air

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currents and we get a teardrop shape

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where the the combustion products and

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the vapors that are burning are moving

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along with the air currents it also

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changes the color of the flame because

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with air currents we're feeding more

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oxygen

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to the

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ball of fire

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and uh other when we're not having air

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flow it's uh the oxygen has to diffuse

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into the combustion zone so it's a

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little bit slower burning process

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also burns bluer whereas we have airflow

302
00:13:59,189 --> 00:13:57,430
my name is ray marquette

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00:14:01,590 --> 00:13:59,199
what percentage of times did you get a

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00:14:06,230 --> 00:14:01,600
good flame and how long on average did

305
00:14:09,750 --> 00:14:07,430
we've had a little bit of trouble

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00:14:12,150 --> 00:14:09,760
getting the droplets deployed on the

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00:14:15,509 --> 00:14:12,160
fiber but once we get them on the fiber

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we get ignition every time

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and uh we it burns from uh on the

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average of five or six seconds for a

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00:14:23,509 --> 00:14:21,360
small drop to a five millimeter drop was

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going as long as 25 or 30 seconds which

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00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:25,199
is a lot longer burn time than you're

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getting on the ground with your

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00:14:34,470 --> 00:14:32,310
hi my name is geralyn waters

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00:14:36,230 --> 00:14:34,480
and my question is do you think anything

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besides the difference in graphic

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00:14:50,629 --> 00:14:48,069
gravity has a lot of effects on the

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00:14:52,310 --> 00:14:50,639
on this experiment and yours

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00:14:54,629 --> 00:14:52,320
in your experiment you're burning a tear

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drape teardrop shaped

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fuel because gravity is pulling it down

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here we start out with a spherical drop

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of fuel and also because of convection

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which is another effect of gravity the

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00:15:07,990 --> 00:15:06,240
combustion products and actually the

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00:15:09,910 --> 00:15:08,000
vapors that are burning are rising in

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your experiment and oxygen continues to

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be supplied from the bottom here we

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don't have that so we're looking at

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diffusion of oxygen into the flame front

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to continue to feed it which is a little

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00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:20,079
bit different than what you're doing so

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00:15:23,430 --> 00:15:21,760
gravity is certainly the major effect up

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here the lack of gravity is the

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difference in what we're doing and what

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00:15:29,430 --> 00:15:27,440
you're doing down there

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my name is jared shooter

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do you have to replace the filament

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00:15:45,030 --> 00:15:43,509
you know another good question that's uh

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00:15:47,430 --> 00:15:45,040
we didn't replace the filament every

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time but we do replace it periodically

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and one of the reasons for that is we

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get foot deposits we had carbon deposits

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high molecular weight carbon materials

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and what do they do they change the

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00:15:58,790 --> 00:15:56,720
surface tension of the liquid and how it

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interacts with the solid itself that can

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00:16:02,870 --> 00:16:00,720
result in a variety of different things

350
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not the least of which is the drop

351
00:16:06,949 --> 00:16:05,120
moving along the filament itself in

352
00:16:09,189 --> 00:16:06,959
addition to that it can change the heat

353
00:16:11,030 --> 00:16:09,199
transfer rate how heat is leaving the

354
00:16:12,230 --> 00:16:11,040
filament which affects the studies that

355
00:16:13,829 --> 00:16:12,240
we're looking at

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so we don't replace it all the time but

357
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if it looks like it's getting a little

358
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then we do in fact replace it

359
00:16:22,470 --> 00:16:20,720
my name is kate gehart does the type of

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00:16:30,069 --> 00:16:22,480
filament have an effect on the result of

361
00:16:33,990 --> 00:16:32,310
yeah very much and that's another

362
00:16:36,150 --> 00:16:34,000
very interesting question because one of

363
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the things that we're looking at is is

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00:16:39,910 --> 00:16:37,839
all the different heat transfer and mass

365
00:16:41,990 --> 00:16:39,920
transfer effects how oxygen comes into

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00:16:43,509 --> 00:16:42,000
the flame and that light blue flame that

367
00:16:46,069 --> 00:16:43,519
we see as a result of what we call a

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00:16:47,670 --> 00:16:46,079
diffusive flame oxygen is not convecting

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00:16:49,990 --> 00:16:47,680
ends not being brought in by other

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00:16:52,389 --> 00:16:50,000
molecules as a group but coming in

371
00:16:53,829 --> 00:16:52,399
individually it's a diffusive flame

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how the heat is taken out of the

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00:16:57,509 --> 00:16:55,920
filament is very important because some

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00:16:59,509 --> 00:16:57,519
of the heat is being conducted down the

375
00:17:01,110 --> 00:16:59,519
filament so if we change that material

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00:17:02,550 --> 00:17:01,120
we can change it from a metal which is

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00:17:04,309 --> 00:17:02,560
very conductive

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00:17:06,069 --> 00:17:04,319
to a ceramic which we're using up here

379
00:17:08,470 --> 00:17:06,079
which is a little bit less conductive

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00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:08,480
and that changes the entire burning rate

381
00:17:11,990 --> 00:17:10,000
of the film

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00:17:14,710 --> 00:17:12,000
of the flame excuse me

383
00:17:16,949 --> 00:17:14,720
and changes what we see in the dynamics

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00:17:19,510 --> 00:17:16,959
of the flame itself so the material the

385
00:17:21,350 --> 00:17:19,520
thickness of that material are very very

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00:17:23,750 --> 00:17:21,360
important it's also important in

387
00:17:25,669 --> 00:17:23,760
microgravity to make sure again the

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00:17:28,390 --> 00:17:25,679
liquid and the solid are compatible in

389
00:17:31,669 --> 00:17:28,400
the sense that the liquid to a certain

390
00:17:33,110 --> 00:17:31,679
extent but not too much what's the solid

391
00:17:34,789 --> 00:17:33,120
in other words we don't want it to like

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00:17:36,870 --> 00:17:34,799
to solid too much so it won't maintain

393
00:17:38,710 --> 00:17:36,880
its sphericity but we'll spread along

394
00:17:40,630 --> 00:17:38,720
the filament but we do want it to

395
00:17:42,150 --> 00:17:40,640
maintain its contact with the filament

396
00:17:44,390 --> 00:17:42,160
we need to light the filament a little

397
00:17:49,350 --> 00:17:47,029
hello my name is ann johnsy my question

398
00:17:51,350 --> 00:17:49,360
is is the flame isolated to the coil of

399
00:17:53,110 --> 00:17:51,360
the filament or does it move away from

400
00:18:05,270 --> 00:17:53,120
the filament so just the fluid is

401
00:18:09,830 --> 00:18:07,110
well first again we're not using a coil

402
00:18:11,990 --> 00:18:09,840
up here we're using a uh filament just a

403
00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:12,000
straight line

404
00:18:15,430 --> 00:18:14,640
material straight string

405
00:18:16,390 --> 00:18:15,440
but

406
00:18:18,070 --> 00:18:16,400
you should

407
00:18:19,830 --> 00:18:18,080
you probably remember from studying this

408
00:18:21,110 --> 00:18:19,840
that in fact the liquid is not burning

409
00:18:23,110 --> 00:18:21,120
but the vapors from the liquid are

410
00:18:25,990 --> 00:18:23,120
burning and that's what we see as well

411
00:18:27,830 --> 00:18:26,000
we see a shallow or a halo of burning

412
00:18:29,830 --> 00:18:27,840
material that's displaced slightly from

413
00:18:33,669 --> 00:18:29,840
the liquid of the fuel

414
00:18:37,270 --> 00:18:35,750
next question please

415
00:18:38,630 --> 00:18:37,280
and this is the last question from

416
00:18:39,590 --> 00:18:38,640
louisville science center please go

417
00:18:41,270 --> 00:18:39,600
ahead

418
00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:41,280
my name is tom fulda

419
00:18:45,270 --> 00:18:43,200
and i was wondering would the amount of

420
00:18:47,590 --> 00:18:45,280
electricity used in the experiment

421
00:19:00,070 --> 00:18:47,600
change the rate of combustion and would

422
00:19:03,110 --> 00:19:01,750
that's another uh interesting question

423
00:19:03,909 --> 00:19:03,120
we have to think on that a little bit

424
00:19:05,029 --> 00:19:03,919
but

425
00:19:06,870 --> 00:19:05,039
certainly when you put in more

426
00:19:08,710 --> 00:19:06,880
electricity into your filaments now

427
00:19:10,789 --> 00:19:08,720
we're not doing it exactly that way

428
00:19:12,710 --> 00:19:10,799
we're igniting it from an external

429
00:19:13,590 --> 00:19:12,720
source we're not putting electricity

430
00:19:15,590 --> 00:19:13,600
through it

431
00:19:18,150 --> 00:19:15,600
i wouldn't expect the electricity to be

432
00:19:20,549 --> 00:19:18,160
affected by the microgravity at all

433
00:19:22,070 --> 00:19:20,559
but by increasing the electricity in the

434
00:19:23,909 --> 00:19:22,080
filament if we were doing it that way

435
00:19:25,830 --> 00:19:23,919
like you're doing it on the ground

436
00:19:28,070 --> 00:19:25,840
increases the rate at which the filament

437
00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:28,080
heats and therefore

438
00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:30,640
impacts the rate at which the vapor is

439
00:19:35,430 --> 00:19:32,960
combust so in fact as you change the

440
00:19:36,950 --> 00:19:35,440
electricity you may see an effect but

441
00:19:39,350 --> 00:19:36,960
that would be again a function of the

442
00:19:41,110 --> 00:19:39,360
material that you make your your coil

443
00:19:42,870 --> 00:19:41,120
out of and the rate at which you put

444
00:19:44,310 --> 00:19:42,880
electricity in it would be a very subtle

445
00:19:46,470 --> 00:19:44,320
and difficult thing to measure for you

446
00:19:48,150 --> 00:19:46,480
but it is measurable on the ground in

447
00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:48,160
microgravity that wouldn't affect us

448
00:19:51,350 --> 00:19:49,520
very much first of all but because of

449
00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:51,360
the way we're doing the experiment but

450
00:19:54,870 --> 00:19:52,960
in addition to that even if we were

451
00:19:56,950 --> 00:19:54,880
using electrical way to heat the

452
00:19:58,950 --> 00:19:56,960
filament i wouldn't expect uh

453
00:20:01,190 --> 00:19:58,960
microgravity to affect

454
00:20:02,789 --> 00:20:01,200
electricity very much up here so that in

455
00:20:04,230 --> 00:20:02,799
and of itself would not be affected by

456
00:20:05,909 --> 00:20:04,240
microgravity the same thing that was

457
00:20:07,510 --> 00:20:05,919
affected on the ground though would be

458
00:20:09,110 --> 00:20:07,520
affected up here in the sense that the

459
00:20:11,510 --> 00:20:09,120
rate at which you put the electricity in

460
00:20:13,430 --> 00:20:11,520
how much the thickness of the material

461
00:20:15,590 --> 00:20:13,440
and what that material it is how much of